阅读英语文章时常见以下缩写：

1. e.g. 例如（for example）
   • Many animals, e.g., lions and tigers, are carnivores.
2. i.e. 也就是说/即（that is to say）
   • He is a polyglot, i.e., someone who speaks several languages.
3. viz. 即/具体来说（namely）
   • Three cities, viz. London, Paris, and Rome, are on the list.
4. cf. 参见/比较（compare）
   • Cf. Smith (2002) for a different approach.
5. et al. 等等/以及其他人（and others）
   • The paper was written by Johnson et al.
6. etc. 等等（and so on）
   • We need paper, pens, etc.
7. s.t. 通常是subject to的缩写,指：满足..的条件，在..情况下
   • minimize f(x) s.t. g(x)≤0

阅读英语文章时常见以下短语：

1. in line with 与…一致/符合
   • This decision is in line with company policy.
   • Her results were in line with our expectations.
   • His actions are not in line with his values.
2. in the sequel 在后续中/在续集中
   • In the sequel,the hero comes back stronger.
   • I hope they explain her past in the sequel.
   • In the sequel, we often use graph-theoretical notations for MCs which refer to the underlying digraph of M.
     1. symbol:单个的标记，用来代表某个特定的概念、对象或操作。它通常是一个字符或图形。
     2. notation:一整套用于表达思想、概念或公式的规则和方式，往往由多个symbols组成。是表达的体系。
     • 简单地来讲：symbol是单个字符，notation是使用字符的一套语言系统
3. in this sense 从这个角度看/在这个意义下/就此而言
   • The system is stable. In this sense, it returns to equilibrium after small disturbances.这个系统是稳定的。就这个角度来说，它在受到小扰动后会恢复到平衡状态
4. it follows that 由此可得/因此/可以得出
   • All humans are mortal. Socrates is a human. It follows that Socrates is mortal.所有人都会死亡。苏格拉底是人。因此可推出苏格拉底会死亡
5. consequence of 结果/推论（学术场景）
   • As a direct consequence of Theorem 10.25 作为定理10.25的直接结果
6. amount to 等同于/归结为
   • In practice, solving this equation amounts to finding the roots of a polynomial.实际上，解这个方程就是在找一个多项式的根
7. to that end 为此/为了那个目的
   • We want to improve customer satisfaction. To that end, we’ve hired more support staff.我们希望提升客户满意度。为此，我们增聘了更多客服人员
8. Abstract from 从…抽象出/撇开…（更好的理解是不考虑…而考虑其他更本质的东西）
   • In formal methods, we abstract from hardware details to focus on software behavior.在形式化方法中，我们撇开硬件细节，专注于软件行为
   • To understand the core idea, we need to abstract from the technical implementation. 为了理解核心思想，我们需要抽离技术实现的细节
9. have to do with 与…有关/涉及…
   • Does your question have to do with the meeting? 你的问题和会议有关吗
   • Her decision has little to do with money. 她的决定和钱关系不大

To be continue…